Security, Trade and the Economy

Truly Transatlantic: German-Norwegian Submarines for a European-Oriented Canada

Like much else in the Canadian Armed Forces, the Royal Canadian Navy’s submarine fleet is rapidly aging out. The RCN’s second-hand Victoria-class diesel-electric submarines, built for the Royal Navy in the 1980s, will reach the end of their service life in the 2030s. The four Victoria-class submarines are already showing signs of their age, having become Read More…

Environment, Climate Change, and Security

POWER PLAY IN THE ARCTIC: Part 2 – Dissecting the Arctic’s Power Struggles by State

*This is the second instalment of a six-part series. As each Arctic state strengthens its security and defence capabilities in the High North, there is likewise an overall intensification of geopolitical rivalries, an expansion of coastal states’ territorial and energy ambitions, increasing clashes of interest, and a corresponding potential for instability. Problematically, NATO lacks an Arctic policy, Read More…

NATO and Canada Victoria Clennan

NATO’s 2% Spending Minimum. Will Canada Ever Make It?

On April 8th, 2024, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced a new federal investment plan in defence spending for the 2024 federal budget. The “Our North: Strong and Free” defence policy update proposed to raise Canada’s defence spending-to-GDP ratio to 1.76% by 2029-30, amounting to $8.1 billion over five years, and $73 billion over 20 years, in new Read More…

Canadian Armed Forces John Pollock

Beijing’s A2/AD Doctrine is Challenging the United States Dominance of the Western Pacific

China is putting pressure on the US Navy in the western pacific using a strategy based on asymmetric warfare known as A2/AD. John Pollock discusses China’s increased military capabilities and what it means for the United States.